Copyright (C) 2000  M K Saravanan
http://www.mksarav.org
Written on 24th June 2000.
Last modified on Sat Nov 15 02:26:55 SGT 2003


Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any
later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant
Sections, no Front-Cover Texts and no Back-Cover Texts.  You can download
a copy of the license from http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.txt

==============================================================================


1.  You can get more details about a file details like last access time,
last modify, etc.., by using:

	stat <filename>

2.  The default shell in linux is called "bash" shell stands for "Bourne
Again SHell".  To know which shell you are using currently use:

	echo $SHELL

3.  At any time you can change the shell.  In most of the Linux
distributions the folowing shells will be available:

	ash, bsh, csh, sh, bash, ksh, tcsh, zsh.

To change the shell, use:

	chsh

It will ask for password.  Then select the shell you want, like:

	New shell [/bin/bash]: <here type the shell you want with full pathname>
e.g.    New shell [/bin/bash]:  /bin/csh



4.  The command "free" will show you the memory (RAM) usage:

here is an e.g. from my system which contains 128MB of RAM memory and
another 128MB of swap space.

[mksarav@hanuman mksarav]$ free
             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:        127792     124748       3044      54296       6856      72416
-/+ buffers/cache:      45476      82316
Swap:       128480       5656     122824


5.  To shutdown your machine, and halt:

/sbin/shutdown -h now

To shutdown and reboot your machine, use:

/sbin/shutdown -r now     (or)  /sbin/reboot

Note:  You may need root permission to shutdown your system depending on
the settings done by your system administrator.


6.  If you want to know your userid, groupid, etc.., use:

id


7.  If you want to view the file without modifying its content, use:

view <filename>

use :q to quit from the viewer.  i.e. press colon and q.


8.  If you want to view your file contents in hexa decimal notation, you
can try linux "hexdump" utility:

hexdump <filename>

e.g. 

hexdump -bc test.c | less


********** More information will be adder later  ******************